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   Audubon
   John James Laforest // Jean Jacques (in French countries)
   J.-J. F. A. ; Jean-Jacques Fougère Audubon / La Forest Audubon ;
   teacher Lucy Bakewell (1790 c. -1820 after) in 1808
   4: ->John Woodhouse Audubon (1812-1862), Lucy (1815-1817), Rose (1819-1820)
   1785 in Les Caves, Saint-Domingue (later Haiti)
   1851
   Manhattan, New York
   owner of a sugar plantation & naval officer Lieutenant Jean Audubon & French chambermaid, Jeanne Rabin
   Jeanne Rabine (mother) ; ->Victor Gifford (1847-1915) (grandson) ; other relatives are www.audubonparkny.com/audubonfamily.html
   military school ; oil painting from John Steen, Jacob Stein, Thomas Sully; landscapes from George Lehmann & Thomas Cole
   United States of America
   Audubon: Birds of America (1827-38) ; J. A. & John Bachman: Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America (1845-8) ; P. J. Selby ; naturalist Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, for whom J.J.F.A. drew ten fictional fish under the guise of offering him new and exciting specimen (in revenge since Rafinesque had destroyed J.J.F.A.'s violin);
   
   ->Robert Havell & son ; ->W. H. Lizars ; William MacGillivray ; John Bachman ; Charles-Marie D'Orbigny ;
   ornithological aquatint, painting, watercolour, and graphite drawing ;
   www.restoredprints.com/AUD005.htm ; www.aradergalleries.com/works.php?id=25&wks=53 ;
   www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/animals/american.htm ; www.rwnaf.org/collections/artist?artist=463 ; www.oiseaux.net/photos/james.audubon/ ;
   Herrick: Audubon 1917 ; Dict. Am. Biogr. ; Skipwith 1979: 34-47 ; A. Blum: Picturing Nature 1993 ; Dance 1989 ; Jackson 1989 ; V. Chansigaud: Hist. de l'Ornith. 2007: 163-6; 2009:116 ; S. Edwards: J.J.Audubon. Early Drawings, Cambridge, MA 2008 ; Mengel 1980: 42-4, 51f. ; R.M. Mengel: On the name of the Northern Bald Eagle and the identity of Audubon's gigantic Bird of Washington, The Wilson Bulletin 65,3 (1953): 145-151; D.F. Markle: Audubon's hoax: Ohio river fishes by Rafinesque, Archives of Natural History 24,3 (1997): 439-447; S. Maruna: Substantiating Audobon's Washington eagle, The Ohio Cardinal 29,3 (2006): 140-150; Derek G. Ross: The role of ethics, culture, and artistry in scient. illustr., Technical Communication Quarterly 2017, pp.13-14; Lederer 2019: chap. 5; Escardó 2022: 202f.
   born in Haiti, J. J. A. was brought to France at age 3, re-named Jean Jacques Fougere Audubon; in 1803, sent to Pennsylvania with falsified passport, renamed J. J. L. A.
   14765625
   
   







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